Fig. 2: Radar signal and ranging quality analyses.

a, The demonstrated SF waveform (left axis) and corresponding frequency (right axis), showing an overall bandwidth of 25 GHz. The completion time for the first injected pulse’s nth roundtrip can be calculated by multiplying the number of roundtrips with the constant roundtrip time of 166.26 ns. b, Comparison of the demonstrated signal’s PSD and an SF signal generated from an AWG with a sampling rate of 65 GSa s−1. RBW, resolution bandwidth. c, SNR of signals generated by the demonstrated system and the AWG. d,e, Range (d) and accuracy in terms of s.d. (e) using 2.5-GHz- (crosses) and 10-GHz- (squares) bandwidth signals. f, S.d. values (left) of the 2.5-GHz (orange) and 10-GHz (blue) SF signals. Over 6,000 measurements, the 2.5-GHz and 10-GHz SF signals show s.d. values of 725.90 μm and 93.28 μm, respectively. Experimental (lines) and theoretical (−3 dB, plus symbols) range resolutions of the two signals are plotted accordingly.