Fig. 6: Full-wave simulations with coupled equations and pictorial represention of material polarization under circular pumping.

a, Polarization rotation angle \({\widetilde{\theta }}_{t}({\omega }_{2})\) (blue line) and ellipticity (red line) as a function of the pump–probe delay τ under linearly polarized pumping and probe at 45°. b,c, same as a for left-handed (b) and right-handed (c) circularly polarized pump beam. All simulations are in close agreement with the reported experimental results in both rotation angle and ellipticity. d, Material polarization density vector in the x and y directions as a function of propagation distance z, when the material is driven by a circularly polarized pump. The rotation of the polarization vector induces an effective magnetization B_eff, which breaks time-reversal symmetry and induces non-reciprocity.