Fig. 3: Force scaling analysis of freezing-induced wetting transition mechanisms.
From: Freezing-induced wetting transitions on superhydrophobic surfaces
Fc/Fr versus Fr/Fa for the micropillar surfaces with constant diameter (D1 to D6), the micropillar surfaces with constant pitch (S1 to S4) and the spray-coated glass (C1) and mesh (C2), as well as the spray-coated micropillar surfaces (D1* and D6*) evaluated for the low-pressure conditions. The pie charts indicate the probabilities of the three different outcomes (red, impalement; blue, expulsion; green, suffusion), while the centre point of the pie charts locates the respective samples in the force ratio map evaluated for an initial water droplet volume of V = 10 μl. The background shading serves as a guide to the eye to identify regions of the three outcomes. N = 651, n ≥ 10. V = 10 μl for 461 experiments, while V ∈ [2 20] μl for the remaining 190 experiments. The effect of V is minor (see ‘Droplet size’ in the Supplementary Information and Supplementary Fig. 16). See Supplementary Tables 1 and 3 for further details. The inset is a schematic of a droplet on a micropillar surface with the dominant forces labelled.
