Extended Data Fig. 9: Agent-based simulations for WT* and mutant biofilms grown under a gel with E = 3 × 104 Pa.
Top: azimuthally averaged cell orientations (black oval) and nematic order parameter (color). Middle: first principal stress direction (black oval) and shear stress distribution (color). Bottom: first principal stress direction (black oval) and pressure distribution (color). Results are shown for (a) a biofilm with cell-substrate friction and cell-gel adhesion, corresponding to WT* biofilms in the experiments; (b) a biofilm with cell-gel adhesion only, corresponding to Δbap1ΔrbmC mutant biofilms in the experiments; (c) a colony with neither cell-substrate friction nor cell-gel adhesion, corresponding to ΔvpsL mutant colonies in the experiments.
