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Manipulating disorder within cathodes of alkali-ion batteries

Nature Reviews Chemistry volume 8, pages 587–604 (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

The fact that ordered materials are rarely perfectly crystalline is widely acknowledged among materials scientists, but its impact is often overlooked or underestimated when studying how structure relates to properties. Various investigations demonstrate that intrinsic and extrinsic defects, and disorder generated by physicochemical reactions, are responsible for unexpectedly detrimental or beneficial functionalities. The task remains to modulate the disorder to produce desired properties in materials. As disorder is often correlated with local interactions, it is controllable. In this Review, we explore the structural disorder in cathode materials as a novel approach for improving their electrochemical performance. We revisit cathode materials for alkali-ion batteries and outline the origins and beneficial consequences of disorder. Focusing on layered, cubic rocksalt and other metal oxides, we discuss how disorder improves electrochemical properties of cathode materials and which interactions generate the disorder. We also present the potential pitfalls of disorder that must be considered. We conclude with perspectives for enhancing the electrochemical performance of cathode materials by using disorder.

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Fig. 1: Schematic summarizing the types of disorder in metal oxide cathode materials and their chemical origins.
Fig. 2: Examples of correlated disorder.
Fig. 3: Chemical origins of disorder in metal oxide cathode materials.
Fig. 4: Chemical origins of the disorder of metal oxide cathode materials in response to electrochemical stimuli.
Fig. 5: Disorder improves energy density by modulating cationic and anionic redox mechanisms.
Fig. 6: Disorder facilitating ion diffusion.
Fig. 7: Disorder improving TM reversibility.
Fig. 8: Impact of disorder on the reversibility of oxygen redox reactions.
Fig. 9: Challenges in establishing relationships between disorder and properties.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) (NRF-2022R1A2B5B03001781) and the Nano & Material Technology Development Program through the NRF funded by the MSIT (RS-2023-00282389). Y.-M.K acknowledges the partial financial support from LG Energy Solution.

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Seongkoo Kang, Suwon Lee.

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  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Seongkoo Kang, Suwon Lee & Yong-Mook Kang

  2. Department of Battery-Smart Factory, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Hakwoo Lee & Yong-Mook Kang

  3. KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Yong-Mook Kang

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Kang, S., Lee, S., Lee, H. et al. Manipulating disorder within cathodes of alkali-ion batteries. Nat Rev Chem 8, 587–604 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-024-00622-1

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