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Substitution and electrochemistry in layered oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Nature Reviews Chemistry (2026)Cite this article

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Abstract

Substitution is a vital strategy for developing high-performance sodium layered oxides (SLOs), which demonstrates great potential for making sodium-ion batteries a viable alternative to lithium-ion batteries. Numerous studies have been conducted on substituted SLOs; however, each substitute exhibits varied effects on the structure and electrochemical performance of the SLOs, and no clear design principles have been established. Clarifying the relationship among substitution, structure and performance is therefore important to enable a rational design strategy for high-performance SLOs. In this Review, the up-to-date substitution guidelines and the current understanding of how substitution affects the structure and electrochemistry in SLOs are discussed, and the site preference and characteristic redox features of different types of substitutes are outlined. The inherent challenges and opportunities for the innovation of better-performing SLOs are summarized, paving the way for accelerating the commercialization of SLO-based sodium-ion batteries and the realization of their applications ranging from electric vehicles to grid energy storage systems.

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Fig. 1: The promise and structure of sodium layered oxides.
Fig. 2: Substitution design and preparation.
Fig. 3: The effect of substitution on the structure and electrochemistry of sodium layered oxides.
Fig. 4: Summary of sodium layered oxides with anionic redox reactions.
Fig. 5: Summary of substitution chemistry and its effect on electrochemical properties.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52371225, 52372211, 22505040, and 92472115) and Shenzhen Basic Research Foundation (JCYJ20230807112503007).

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Liangtao Yang, Xingxing Yin, Jun Wang.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute of Advanced Materials (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China

    Liangtao Yang

  2. School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China

    Xingxing Yin

  3. School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China

    Jun Wang

  4. Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Yanan Sun, Yongchun Li & Philipp Adelhelm

  5. Joint Research Group on Operando Battery Analysis (CE-GOBA), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, GmbH, Berlin, Germany

    Yanan Sun & Philipp Adelhelm

  6. The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France

    Zhenggang Zhang

  7. Sodium Innovation Material Technology (SIMT) Co., Ltd, Wuxi, China

    Zhongqing Liu

  8. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Distributed Energy Systems, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China

    Si-Min Huang

  9. School of Advanced Energy, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China

    Dong Zhou

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Contributions

L.Y. and J.W. conceived the idea. X.Y. and D.Z. read and summarized the relevant literature. L.Y., X.Y., J.W., Y.S., Y.L. and Z.Z. wrote the original draft. X.Y., J.W., Y.S., Y.L., Z.Z., Z.L., S.-M.H., P.A. and D.Z. revised the original draft. J.W., S.-M.H., P.A. and D.Z. supervised the project and acquired the funding.

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Correspondence to Jun Wang, Si-Min Huang, Philipp Adelhelm or Dong Zhou.

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Yang, L., Yin, X., Wang, J. et al. Substitution and electrochemistry in layered oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Nat Rev Chem (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-025-00795-3

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