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Fluorine-free super-repellency to water and organic liquids

Nature Reviews Chemistry (2026) Cite this article

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Abstract

Super-repellent surfaces, characterized by high contact angles and extremely low sliding angles for both water and organic liquids, hold potential for applications in self-cleaning, anti-fouling, anti-icing and oil–water separation. In particular, fluorine-free super-repellent materials have attracted attention owing to their ability to deliver comparable performance to fluorinated systems while minimizing environmental and health risks. Through microscale or nanoscale surface structuring and fluorine-free low-surface-energy chemistries, robust repellency can be achieved across diverse substrates, offering broad material compatibility and enhanced sustainability. The design and fabrication of these surfaces deepen our understanding of surface chemistry, providing perspectives on solid–liquid interactions and informing the development of interfacial theories. This Review explores recent theoretical and technological advances in fluorine-free super-repellency. It also outlines key challenges and discusses future directions, including the development of durable and environmentally friendly fabrication strategies, as well as emerging applications.

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Fig. 1: Representative types of super-repellency.
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Fig. 2: Analysis of wetting states on super-repellent surfaces.
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Fig. 3: Chemistries for engineering fluorine-free super-repellent surfaces.
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Fig. 4: Design strategies for constructing fluorine-free super-repellent surfaces.
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Fig. 5: Application of fluorine-free super-repellent materials.
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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (S.P., grant no. 2025ZD0612700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (S.P., grant nos. 22378105 and 23FAA02526), the Foreign Expert Program of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of the People’s Republic of China (S.P., project no. Y20250102), the National Key R&D Program of China (C.P., grant no. 2023YFB4202900), the key scientific and technological projects of Hunan Province (C.P., grant no. 2023ZJ1040), the Department of Science and Technology of Hunan Province (S.P., project no. 2022TP2032), the Youth Fund of Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation (W.D., project no. 2024JJ6125), and the Australian Research Council through the Discovery Project scheme (F.C., DP240102343). S.P. gratefully acknowledges the Analytical Instrumentation Center of Hunan University, the State Key Laboratory of Chemo and Biosensing at Hunan University, the National Supercomputing Center in Changsha, and the Australian Synchrotron, part of the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Chemo and Biosensing, Hunan University, Changsha, China

    Wanshun Deng, Rui Guo & Shuaijun Pan

  2. Institute of Polymer Science & Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China

    Wanshun Deng, Rui Guo & Shuaijun Pan

  3. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China

    Wanshun Deng, Rui Guo & Shuaijun Pan

  4. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China

    Chaoyi Peng

  5. Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

    Frank Caruso & Shuaijun Pan

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  1. Wanshun Deng
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Contributions

W.D. researched data for the article and drafted the manuscript. R.G. contributed to the discussion, writing, and reviewing or editing of the manuscript. C.P. contributed to the discussion of content and writing. F.C. contributed to the discussion and reviewing or editing of the manuscript. S.P. researched data and contributed to the discussion of content and to the writing and reviewing or editing of the manuscript. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Rui Guo, Frank Caruso or Shuaijun Pan.

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Deng, W., Guo, R., Peng, C. et al. Fluorine-free super-repellency to water and organic liquids. Nat Rev Chem (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-026-00831-w

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