Table 1 Summary of major systematic reviews and original studies reporting a cancer risk associated with diabetes mellitus

From: The burden and risks of emerging complications of diabetes mellitus

Study

Diabetes mellitus type

Study type included (n)

Outcome

Risk associated with diabetes mellitus (95% confidence interval)

Wang et al.a (2012)24

All

Cohort (3,626,368b)

Hepatocellular carcinoma

RR 2.01 (1.61–2.51)

El-Serag et al.a (2006)25

All

Cohort, cross-sectional (2,938,889b)

Hepatocellular carcinoma

RR 2.5 (cohort studies) (1.9–3.2) and OR 2.5 (case–control) (1.8–3.5)

Huxley et al.a (2005)27

T2DM

Cohort, cross-sectional (9,220)

Pancreatic cancer

OR 1.82 (1.66–1.89)

1–4 years duration

OR 2.05 (1.87–2.25)

5–9 years duration

OR 1.54 (1.31–1.81)

≥10 years duration

OR 1.51 (1.16–1.96)

Carstensen et al.c (2016)30

T1DM

Cohort (9,149)

Pancreatic cancer

HR 1.53 (males) (1.30–1.79) and HR 1.25 (females) (1.02–1.53)

Jiang et al.a (2011)31

All

Cohort (8,244,732b)

Colorectal cancer

RR 1.27 (1.21–1.34)

Deng et al.a (2012)33

All

Cohort, cross-sectional (3,659,341)

Colorectal cancer

RR 1.26 (1.20–1.31)

De Bruijn et al.a (2013)32

All

Cohort, randomized controlled trials (1,930,309)

Colorectal cancer

HR 1.26 (1.14–1.40)

Breast cancer

HR 1.23 (1.12–1.34)

Liao et al.a (2014)34

All

Cohort (5,302,259)

Endometrial cancer

RR 1.89 (1.46–2.45)

Endometrial cancer disease-specific mortality

RR 1.32 (1.10–1.60)

Saed et al.a (2019)35

All

Cohort, cross-sectional (459,167b)

Endometrial cancer

RR 1.72 (1.48–2.01)

Friberg et al.a (2007)36

All

Cohort, cross-sectional (96,003)

Endometrial cancer

RR 2.10 (1.75–2.53)

T1DM

RR 3.15 (1.07–9.29)

Larsson et al.a (2007)38

T2DM

Cohort, cross-sectional (1,430,122b)

Breast cancer

RR 1.20 (1.12–1.28)

Anothaisintawee et al.a (2013)37

All

Cohort, cross-sectional (1,090,503b)

Breast cancer

OR 1.14 (1.09–1.19)

Boyle et al.a (2012)39

All

Cohort, cross-sectional (21,029b)

Breast cancer (postmenopausal)

RR 1.15 (1.07–1.24)

Zhang et al.a (2017)43

All

Cohort (2,392,245b)

Ovarian cancer

RR 1.32 (1.14–1.52)

Weng et al.a (2017)44

All

Cohort (3,708,313)

Ovarian cancer

RR 1.19 (1.06–1.34)

Wang et al.a (2020)45

All

Cohort, cross-sectional (6,036,434b)

Ovarian cancer

RR 1.20 (1.10–1.31)

Lee et al.a (2013)46

All

Cohort, cross-sectional (1,707,359b)

Ovarian cancer

RR 1.17 (1.02–1.33)

Bonovas et al.a (2004)47

All

Cohort, cross-sectional (890,678b)

Prostate cancer

RR 0.91 (0.86–0.96)

Long et al.a (2012)49

All (Asia only)

Cohort, cross-sectional (1,751,274)

Prostate cancer

RR 1.31 (1.12–1.54)

  1. HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus. aSystematic review. bTotal number of participants obtained through sum of individual study cohort sizes listed in tables or otherwise. cOriginal study.
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