Table 2 Clinical disorders associated with changes in BMAT volume in humans and their relation to mouse studies

Ageing

High BMAT mass and bone loss in humans; high BMAT mass in mice

Cross-sectional studies only

^{3,31,77,78,81}

Gastric bypass, including vertical sleeve gastrectomy

High BMAT mass in some human studies, but not in others; bone loss observed in most human studies; in mice, decreased BMAT

Mostly cross-sectional, might be time dependent and might not be a cause of bone loss

^85,86

Oestrogen deficiency

High BMAT mass and bone loss in humans with short-term and long-term deficiency; high BMAT mass in mice

Strong evidence, both cross-sectional and longitudinal of mice and humans

^77,78,79,80

Anorexia nervosa

High BMAT mass with bone loss in humans; no mouse model

Strong evidence, but bone loss is multifactorial

^60,61,62,63

Chemotherapy or radiation

High BMAT mass with or without bone loss in humans; high BMAT mass in mice, also with bone loss

Cross-sectional studies

^33,67

Diabetes mellitus

Increased BMAT mass in individuals with T1DM, BMAT effect unclear in T2DM; bone loss in individuals with T1DM; increased fracture risk in mouse models of T1DM and high BMAT; mouse models of T2DM with obesity show high BMAT mass and bone loss

Few longitudinal studies in humans of BMAT; BMD in T2DM might be increased, the same or decreased

^50,52

Fasting, caloric restriction or starvation

Increased marrow adiposity in the femur and spine in humans, but bone loss is not certain; in mice. increased BMAT mass and bone loss

Cross-sectional and short-term studies only

^{42,43,44,54,56,57,72}

High-fat diet

Increased marrow adiposity in the short term, with or without bone loss in humans; in mice, increased BMAT mass and bone loss

No extensive longitudinal studies

^54,56,57