Fig. 1: Summary of the main biomarkers, clinical parameters and tests used to monitor coeliac disease activity and gluten-free diet.
From: Guidelines for best practices in monitoring established coeliac disease in adult patients
a, Here are indicated the parameters related to the gluten-free diet (GFD) monitoring, coeliac disease (CeD) activity and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) usually considered a consequence of prolonged malabsorption. Alterations of anti-type 2 transglutaminase antibody (TG2Ab), symptoms and blood tests during the monitoring phase could be considered the expression of both GFD low adherence and/or residual activity of CeD. T cell receptor (TCR) clonality and duodenal flow cytometry (flow cyt) recognize and classify a refractory state, I or II. b, The lower panel of the figure shows that symptoms and biomarkers (such as antibodies and histology) usually recover in different time frames, with symptoms resolving more quickly than histological changes. BMD, bone mineral density; GIP, gluten immunogenic peptide; RCeD, refractory coeliac disease.
