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Altermagnets as a new class of functional materials

Nature Reviews Materials volume 10, pages 473–485 (2025)Cite this article

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Abstract

Altermagnets are characterized by non-relativistic alternating spin splitting in the band structure and collinear compensated magnetic moments in real space. They combine the advantages of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic order, exhibiting time-reversal symmetry-breaking magneto responses, vanishing stray fields and high-frequency spin dynamics. Consequently, altermagnets hold great potential for various research fields, especially for developing spintronic devices such as high-density magnetic memories and terahertz nano-oscillators. Furthermore, altermagnetism is found in a broad spectrum of materials, including metals, semiconductors, insulators and superconductors, thereby stimulating widespread interest in functional material research. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of recent experimental progress in altermagnets, focusing particularly on observations of lifted spin degeneracy via spectroscopic techniques and the resultant spin transport phenomena. Additionally, we discuss future research directions in altermagnets, encompassing fields such as spintronics, magnonics, ultrafast photonics and phononics, and properties such as superconductivity, topology and multiferroicity.

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Fig. 1: Spin configurations in ferromagnets, conventional collinear antiferromagnets and altermagnets.
Fig. 2: Direct observation of lifted spin degeneracy in altermagnets via spectroscopic techniques.
Fig. 3: Spin transport behaviours in AMs.
Fig. 4: New horizons brought about by altermagnetism.

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Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate the fruitful discussions with and helpful suggestions from T. Jungwirth. C.S. was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFA1402603), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 52225106, 12241404 and T2394471), the Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Spintronics Devices and Technologies (Grant No. SPL-2401) and the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (Advmat-2410). H.R. is supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic Grant No. 22-17899K, TERAFIT-CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004594 and the Dioscuri Program LV23025. J.L. is supported by National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFA1401500) and the Hong Kong Research Grants Council (16303821, 16306722 and 16304523).

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  1. These authors contributed equally: Cheng Song, Hua Bai.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Cheng Song, Hua Bai, Zhiyuan Zhou, Lei Han, Xianzhe Chen & Feng Pan

  2. Institute of Physics ASCR, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic

    Helena Reichlova

  3. Center for Photon Science, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland

    J. Hugo Dil

  4. Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

    J. Hugo Dil

  5. Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China

    Junwei Liu

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Contributions

C.S., H.B. and L.H. researched data for the article. All authors contributed substantially to discussion of the content. C.S., H.B., Z.Z., L.H., H.R., J.H.D and J.L. wrote the article. All authors reviewed and/or edited the manuscript before submission.

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Song, C., Bai, H., Zhou, Z. et al. Altermagnets as a new class of functional materials. Nat Rev Mater 10, 473–485 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-025-00779-1

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