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Fundamentals of charge transport in two-dimensional framework materials

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Abstract

Two-dimensional framework materials (2DFMs) have emerged as a transformative class of synthetic organic 2D crystal materials, in which molecular building blocks and/or metal nodes are linked through covalent or coordination bonds to form layered networks stabilized by π–π interactions. Their modular design allows atomic-level control over electronic configurations, enabling novel quantum phenomena and tunable functionalities. Over the past decade, strategic exploitation of intralayer π-extended conjugation and interlayer electronic coupling has revolutionized charge transport engineering in 2DFMs, driving advancements in (opto-)electronics, energy storage and quantum materials. In this Review, we provide a coherent overview of structural design strategies, charge transport mechanisms and cutting-edge characterization methodologies for electrically conductive 2DFMs. We emphasize recent progress elucidating key factors governing charge transport properties and intricate structure–property relationships. Finally, we discuss promising directions for advancing this rapidly evolving field that bridges atomic precision with solid-state physics, offering unprecedented opportunities to design electronic materials from the bottom up.

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Fig. 1: Modular design and structural characteristics of 2DFMs.
Fig. 2: Charge transport mechanisms and their manifestations in 2DFMs.
Fig. 3: State-of-the-art characterization techniques for electrically conductive 2DFMs.
Fig. 4: The role of intralayer conjugation in charge transport.
Fig. 5: The role of interlayer interaction in charge transport.
Fig. 6: The role of anisotropy and molecular incorporation in charge transport.
Fig. 7: The role of defects in charge transport.

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Acknowledgements

This work is financially supported by CRC 1415 (Chemistry of Synthetic Two-Dimensional Materials, number 417590517, to X.F.), SPP 2244 (2DMP, to X.F.) and RTG 2861 (number 491865171, to X.F. and R.D.). R.D. thanks the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22272092; 22472085), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2023JQ005), and Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province (tsqn201909047). E.J. acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 22371087), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2024YFB3815700), the ‘111 Center’ (B17020) and the start-up grant of Jilin University.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Shuai Fu, Jianjun Zhang.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany

    Shuai Fu, Lei Gao, Hai I. Wang & Mischa Bonn

  2. Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

    Shuai Fu, Jianjun Zhang, Zhiyong Wang & Xinliang Feng

  3. State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry and International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China

    Xiao Li & Enquan Jin

  4. Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Renhao Dong

  5. Materials Innovation Institute for Life Sciences and Energy (MILES), HKU-SIRI, Shenzhen, China

    Renhao Dong

  6. Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany

    Zhiyong Wang & Xinliang Feng

  7. Nanophotonics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

    Hai I. Wang

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Contributions

X.F., H.I.W. and M.B. conceived the theme of the manuscript. S.F. and J.Z. researched data for the article. S.F. led the drafting of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the discussion and writing of the manuscript before submission.

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Correspondence to Xinliang Feng, Hai I. Wang or Mischa Bonn.

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Glossary

BBL

Poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline).

BHT

Benzenehexathiol.

DHTTB

2,5-Dihydroxy-1,3,4,6-tetrathiolbenzene.

F4TCNQ

2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane.

HHTC

2,3,8,9,14,15-Hexahydroxytribenzocyclyne.

HHTP

2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexahydroxytriphenylene.

HIB

Hexaiminobenzene.

HITT

2,3,7,8,12,13-Hexaiminotetraazanaphthotetraphene.

Magic Blue

Tris(4-bromophenyl)ammoniumylachloroantimonate.

TCNQ

7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinododimethane.

THQ

Tetrahydroxyquinone.

THT

2,3,6,7,10,11-Triphenylenehexathiol.

TTBQ

1,2,4,5-Tetrathiolbenzoquinone.

TTHQ

1,2,4,5-Tetrathiolhydroquinone.

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Fu, S., Zhang, J., Li, X. et al. Fundamentals of charge transport in two-dimensional framework materials. Nat Rev Mater (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-025-00840-z

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