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Sex- and gender-based personalized medicine in rheumatology

Nature Reviews Rheumatology volume 21, pages 251–252 (2025)Cite this article

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Although autoimmune rheumatic diseases are more prevalent in women than men, few clinical trials report findings on the basis of sex and gender. Future clinical trials should report sex and gender differences in treatment and safety outcomes in a standardized manner to improve outcomes for all patients.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Elizabeth R. Volkmann

  2. Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA

    Carol Feghali-Bostwick

Authors
  1. Elizabeth R. Volkmann
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  2. Carol Feghali-Bostwick
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Correspondence to Carol Feghali-Bostwick.

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Competing interests

E.R.V. consults for Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK and AbbVie, all of which are outside the scope of this article.

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Volkmann, E.R., Feghali-Bostwick, C. Sex- and gender-based personalized medicine in rheumatology. Nat Rev Rheumatol 21, 251–252 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-025-01246-5

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