Extended Data Fig. 7: XPS and Raman spectroscopy of electrodeposited PNRs.

a, XPS maps of the platinum-coated positive (left) and negative (right) terminal electrodes following PNR electrodeposition. The maps were constructed from the integrated area under those phosphorus 2p peaks assigned to the P–P environment. Scale bars, 500 µm. b, Schematic representations of the platinum pattern (grey) on the positive (left) and negative (right) electrodes. c, An example phosphorus 2p spectrum from a, fitted with mixed Gaussian/Lorentzian peaks assigned to P–P bonding and P–O surface contamination. d, Patterned electrodes, showing the grid over which the Raman maps in Fig. 3e, f were taken. Scale bar, 20 μm. e, Example Raman spectra. The blue and red dots in d show the specific locations where the example Raman were taken.