Extended Data Fig. 9: Kinematic state–space trajectories for phoneme-specific vowel–consonant transitions.
From: Speech synthesis from neural decoding of spoken sentences
Average trajectories of principal components 1 (PC1) and 2 (PC2) for transitions from either a consonant or a vowel to specific phonemes. Trajectories are 500 ms and centred at transition between phonemes. a, Consonant to corner vowels (n = 1,387, 1,964, 2,259, 894, respectively, for aa, ae, iy and uw). PC1 shows separation of all corner vowels and PC2 delineates between front vowels (iy, ae) and back vowels (uw, aa). b, Vowel to unvoiced plosives (n = 2,071, 4,107 and 1,441, respectively, for k, p and t). PC1 was more selective for velar constriction (k) and PC2 for bilabial constriction (p). c, Vowel to alveolars (n = 3,919, 3,010 and 4,107, respectively, for n, s and t). PC1 shows separation by manner of articulation (nasal, plosive or fricative) whereas PC2 is less discriminative. d, PC1 and PC2 show little, if any, delineation between voiced and unvoiced alveolar fricatives (n = 3,010 and 1,855, respectively, for s and z).
