Extended Data Fig. 1: Deterministic modelling of the non-ideal antithetic integral feedback circuit.

a, Deterministic model of the non-ideal antithetic integral feedback (AIF) circuit. b, c, Output steady state and steady-state error for the non-ideal AIF circuit with dilution and negative disturbance. The black lines indicate curves of constant output steady state (in nM) for a dilution rate corresponding to a typical bacterial growth rate. The green, blue and yellow shadings denote the regions of the parameter space in which the relative output steady-state error is less than 5% for dilution rates corresponding to typical values for bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells, respectively. k = 0.037 min⁻¹ in b and 3.85 min⁻¹ in c. d, Output steady state and steady-state error for the non-ideal AIF circuit with dilution, negative disturbance and actuator saturation. The black lines indicate curves of constant output steady state for a dilution rate corresponding to a typical bacterial growth rate. The green, blue and yellow shadings denote the regions of the parameter space in which the relative output steady-state error is less than 5% for dilution rates corresponding to typical values for bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells, respectively. In this plot k = 1 min⁻¹.