Extended Data Fig. 2: Geographical distributions of accessions and fitness values.

a, Locations of A. thaliana accessions used in this experiment (orange), 1001 Genomes accessions (blue) and all sightings of the species in GBIF (black, https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.c3twww). b, c, Geographical origin of the 502 Eurasian native A. thaliana lines used in this study and their raw fitness data (number of offspring produced in each pot) in the experiments in Spain with low precipitation (b) and in Germany with high precipitation (c). Note the most successful genotypes in the Spanish experiment (b) come not only from central Spain, but also from other areas of the distribution with extreme climates, including north Sweden, eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Siberia, which supports our previous observations⁸. Note also that for the German experiment (c), there could be multiple explanations for the visual trend that lower latitude genotypes had an apparent high fitness, namely that those Mediterranean genotypes are more diverse (some with higher and some with lower fitness values than average), or that the climate in Germany during 2015–2016 favoured genotypes from warmer areas. d, e, Idealized representation of distributions of alleles associated with fitness in Spain and Germany as inferred from genome-wide environmental niche models (see Supplementary Methods I.VI). The most-significant fitness-associated SNPs (if any) in each 0.5-Mb window of the genome were modelled (n = 414 in Spain, n = 279 in Germany). Colour scale indicates the percentage of locally present alleles with respect to the maximum number of positive fitness-related alleles identified in each experiment (maps were created using R v.3.4).