Extended Data Fig. 1: Temporal distribution of newly reported individuals and overview of population structure.
a, Numbers represent individuals from each site; thick lines denote direct 14C dates (95.4% calibrated confidence intervals); thin lines denote archaeological-context dating; grey area identifies the first arrivals of ceramic users in the Caribbean. Colours and labels are consistent with Fig. 1. b, PCA plot with ancient individuals shown as solid squares or circles for Archaic- or Ceramic-associated individuals, respectively. Newly reported individuals are outlined in black; genetic outliers are outlined in red; and individuals with <30,000 SNPs are outlined in blue. Individuals are separated by subclades, and three individuals from the site of Cueva Roja (Dominican Republic) who were excluded from clading analysis analysis are labelled *Dominican_Archaic (Cueva Roja) and coloured magenta. Individual PDI009, previously assessed elsewhere as an outlier11, is denoted with a cross. Three previously published ancient Caribbean individuals9,10 are shown as inverted triangles outlined in grey and coloured for the subclade that encompasses the geographical region with which they are associated. This plot focuses on ancient individuals and does not show some present-day populations; a full plot is provided as Supplementary Fig. 17. c, ADMIXTURE analysis best supports K = 6 ancestral elements. Newly reported and co-analysed individuals are clustered by subclade; all newly reported individuals are identified by a black bar to the side of the plot. The same three previously published individuals9,10 shown in b are included, and three present-day populations (Suruí, Cabécar and Piapoco) are shown for reference.
