Extended Data Fig. 4: Reconstructions of auditory apparatus in V. diplomylos on the basis of the holotype versus the referred specimen.

a, Reconstruction on the basis of the Vilevolodon holotype⁴, which has more-fragmentary auditory elements: the incus is shown with a trochlea and dorsal plate (as in Morganucodon) (Fig. 3a) in a rostrocaudal incudomallear articulation, and the malleus includes ossified Meckel’s cartilage and surangular. b, c, Reconstruction on the basis of the Vilevolodon referred specimen (IMMNH-PV01699A) with well-preserved auditory elements in ventral (b) and dorsal (c) views: the incus is flat and has a dorsoventral incudomallear articulation, and the malleus does not have an ossified Meckel’s cartilage or surangular. Colours for the auditory elements are as in Fig. 1.