Extended Data Fig. 3: The impact of time averaging on the assimilation results.

a–d, The 40-member ensembles of 5-yr (a), 10-yr (b), 25-yr (c) and 50-yr (d) averages were assimilated with the same set of proxy data. Spatial structures in the SST fields are largely similar. GSST and GMST values remain identical within uncertainty.