Extended Data Fig. 1: Datasets used to provide spatially explicit input for modelling increased conservation efforts into the land-use models.

a–c, The proportion of land under the assumed expanded protected areas at 30-arcmin resolution (a; based on all areas from the World Database on Protected areas³⁵, areas from Key Biodiversity Areas³⁶ and wilderness areas³⁷) and the value of the assumed spatial priority score for restoration at 30-arcmin resolution (b; relative range rarity-weighted species richness score RRRWSR, based on species range maps from the ICUN Red List⁴¹ and the Handbook of the Birds of the World⁴²), as well as the impact of various land uses on the BII³⁸ of various land-use classes (c; estimated from assemblage data for 21,702 distinct sites worldwide from the PREDICTS database²⁰, 11,534 from naturally forested biomes and 10,168 from naturally non-forest biomes). Datasets from a and c were used to implement spatially explicit restrictions to land-use change within land-use models (from 2020 onwards), and datasets from b and c were used to implement spatially explicit priorities for restoration and landscape-level conservation planning (from 2020 onwards) in scenarios for which increased conservation efforts were assumed (Methods).