Extended Data Fig. 3: State diagram of various membrane structures for a vesicle with a volume constraint.
From: Active particles induce large shape deformations in giant lipid vesicles
a, Vesicle shapes for reduced volume v = 0.8 as a function of Pe and ϕ. Similar to the simulated diagram in Fig. 2a for a vesicle without a volume constraint, three regimes exist: tethering (blue symbols), fluctuating (red symbols) and bola/prolate (green symbols) vesicle shapes. The points corresponding to the snapshots have black outlines. The boundary (black lines) of the tethering regime from theoretical calculations is the same as in Fig. 2a. Interestingly, tether formation for v = 0.8 is present at Pe = 100, whereas without a volume constraint, tethers and daughter vesicles are observed only for Pe > 100. b, Simulations of vesicles deformed by active particles for reduced volume v = 0.6 at Pe = 50. The occurrence of protrusions at Pe = 50 demonstrates that low reduced volumes favour the formation of tethers or daughter vesicles.
