Extended Data Fig. 4: Sizes and forces of active particle clusters.
From: Active particles induce large shape deformations in giant lipid vesicles
a, Size distributions of clusters formed by active particles for various Pe and ϕ values from simulations with reduced volume v = 0.8. Larger clusters form at higher volume fractions of active particles and at larger Pe. The tails of the cluster size distributions follow a nearly exponential decay. b, Average cluster forces in the direction of the membrane for various Pe and ϕ values. The average force is a nearly linear function of the cluster size Np,c, such that it can be approximated as fp,c = βNp,cfp, where β is the cooperativity coefficient, which weakly depends on Pe. Linear fitting of the fp,c data results in β ≈ 0.3 for Pe = 25, β ≈ 0.4 for Pe = 50 and β ≈ 0.54 for Pe = 100.
