Extended Data Fig. 9: Additional characterization of dissociation-like phenotype elicited by ketamine and PCP.
a, Hot-plate test. Time to jump in ketamine-injected mice. The maximum allowable test time was 90 s. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures: jump, 1 × 10−12. Horizontal dotted line indicates the experimental time limit; mice that did not jump by 90 s were removed and the experiment ended. Corrected two-sided unpaired t-tests, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. n = 5 mice in each group. For each dose in order, Glass’s ∆ effect size for jump = 0.55, 1.9, Inf, Inf. b, Rate of rears in hot-plate test. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures, P < 1 × 10−4. Two-sided unpaired t-tests. For each dose in order, Glass’s ∆ effect sizes = −0.82, −0.42, −24.6, −24.6. c, Latency to first flick, lick and rear in hot-plate test. The horizontal dotted line indicates the experimental time limit. Hedge’s g effect sizes for flick = 0.16, 0.34, −0.30, −0.17. Glass’s ∆ effect size for lick = 0.66, 0.17, 1.86, 7.62. Glass’s ∆ effect size for rear = 0.47, 0.85, Inf, 10.5. d, Tail suspension test. Percentage of time spent struggling. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures, F4,20 = 9.36, P = 0.0002, n = 5 mice for each group. Glass’s ∆ effect sizes = −0.30, 0.024, −2.49, −585. e, Time spent interacting with an intruder mouse in 2 min. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures, F4,20 = 15.8; P < 0.0001, n = 5 mice for each group. Glass’s ∆ effect sizes = −0.27, −0.67, −44.7, −79.5. f, Number of mice that corrected postural inversion within 5 s. Mice dosed with 50 mg kg−1 ketamine or less reflexively righted. Mice injected with 200 mg kg−1 ketamine did not right. n = 5 for each group. g, Hot-plate test, time to jump. The maximum allowable time is indicated by a dashed horizontal line (90 s); mice that did not jump by 90 s were removed and the experiment ended. For all statistical comparisons, each experimental group was compared with the saline (control) group via corrected Mann–Whitney U-test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; for each drug in order, Glass’s ∆ effect size for jump = Inf, 4.97, 0.35, −1.69, 0.60. h, Rearing rate was significantly decreased for the PCP group and increased for the LSD group. Glass’s ∆ = −10.9, −0.52, 0.34, 1.00, −0.10. i, Latencies to expression of affective (licking) and escape (rear) behaviours were significantly longer for the PCP mice. The maximum allowable time is indicated by dashed horizontal line (90 s). Hedge’s g effect sizes for flick = −0.78, 1.87, 1.07, −0.24, 1.05. Glass’s ∆ effect size for lick = 1.14, 0.75, 0.072, 0.96, 0.52. Glass’s ∆ effect size for rear = 12.4, 0.33, −0.63, −1.92, 0.39. j, Tail suspension test. Significantly decreased struggling time was observed in mice treated with PCP and diazepam compared with saline-injected mice (Mann–Whitney U-test with FDR correction, **P < 0.01). Glass’s ∆ effect sizes = −2.51, 0.074, −0.17, 0.58, −6.50. k, Social interaction. Significantly decreased social interaction time was observed in mice treated with PCP and buprenorphine (Mann–Whitney U-test with FDR,**P < 0.01). Hedge’s g effect sizes = −2.10, −2.13, −0.068, 1.88, −1.23. l, Righting reflex, showing the number of mice that right for each treatment group. For each group, all mice successfully corrected postural inversion. m, Open field test. Example traces of body position after treatment with each drug (2 example mice shown). Grey line represents full 5-min session, black line represents 20 s of tracking (from 2 min to 2 min 20 s).
