Extended Data Fig. 4: Global agricultural N2O emissions.
From: A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks
a, Direct emission from agricultural soils associated with mineral fertilizer, manure and crop residue inputs, and cultivation of organic soils based on EDGAR v4.3.2, GAINS, FAOSTAT, NMIP/DLEM and SRNM/DLEM estimates. NMIP/DLEM or SRNM/DLEM indicates the combination of N2O emission estimated by NMIP or SRNM from croplands with N2O emission from intensively managed grassland (pasture) by estimated by DLEM. b, Direct emission from the global total area under permanent meadows and pasture, due to manure nitrogen deposition (left on pasture) based on EDGAR v4.3.2, FAOSTAT and GAINS estimates. c, Emission from manure management based on FAOSTAT, GAINS and EDGAR v4.3.2. d, Aquaculture N2O emission based on a nutrient budget model30, ref. 31 and ref. 62; the solid line represents the ‘best estimate’ that is the product of emission factor (1.8%) and nitrogen waste from aquaculture provided by the nutrient budget model; the dashed lines represent the minimum and maximum values.
