Extended Data Fig. 7: Transpiration experiments comparing cellular fluidic structures with filter paper.

Transpiration was observed by the water level drop in the reservoir and the concentration of green dye at the tip of the structures. a, A cellular fluidic structure and filter paper with an equivalent surface area exhibit similar evaporation rates, plotted as the decrease in liquid level in the reservoir over time. b, Filter paper was cut to match the shape of the cellular fluidic structure, but the filter paper collapsed under its own weight after 90 min of use. Conversely, the cellular fluidic component is a mechanically robust structure that exhibits no sign of collapse or deformation. c, Transpiration from the stochastic tree structure and filter paper holding equivalent volumes of liquid. Scale bars, 5 mm.