Extended Data Fig. 6: Expression of RA-synthesizing enzymes in the developing and adult cortex.

a, Representative images of ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3 in situ hybridization of human (PCW 21; N = 2), macaque (PCD 110 and 140; N = 1 each), and mouse (PD 0; N = 3) PFC. Red, black, and open arrowheads indicate ALDH1A1-expressing subplate neurons (insets), astrocytes and meninges, respectively. Scale bars: 200 μm (mouse); 2 mm (human and macaque); 100 μm (mouse, lower panel); 500 μm (human and macaque, lower panel). b, ALDH1A1 immunofluorescence (green) and immunohistochemistry (brown). Human: left, solid and open arrowheads indicate TH+;ALDH1A1+ and TH+;ALDH1A1- axons, respectively; middle, solid and open arrowheads indicate subplate neurons and astrocytes, respectively; right, arrowheads indicate GFAP+;ALDH1A1+ astrocytes. Macaque: left, solid and open arrowheads indicate TH+;ALDH1A1+ and TH+;ALDH1A1- axons, respectively; middle, solid and open arrowheads indicate putative excitatory NRGN+;NR4A2+;ALDH1A1+ and inhibitory GAD1+;ALDH1A1- subplate neurons, respectively; right, arrowheads indicate GFAP+;ALDH1A1+ astrocytes. Mouse: left, solid and open arrowheads indicate TH+;ALDH1A1+ and TH+;ALDH1A1- mPFC axons (inset), respectively; middle, TH+ (red) and ALDH1A1+ (green) midbrain neurons and axons in striatum (STR), lateral septal nucleus (LSR) and cortex (CTX); right, GFAP+;ALDH1A1- astrocytes. N = 3. Scale bars: 20 μm (human, macaque, and mouse left and middle panels); 1 mm (mouse right panel). For reproducibility information, see Methods.