Extended Data Fig. 2: Representative solar redox cycle producing syngas with composition suitable for methanol synthesis.

a) Temporal variation of the nominal cavity temperature, total pressure, and outlet gas flow rates during a single redox cycle. b) Temporal variation of the cumulative species concentration and yield of solar syngas collected during the oxidation step. Operation conditions − During the reduction step: Qsolar = 5.1 kW, inlet flow 0.5 L/min Ar, Treduction-end = 1450 °C, total pressure ≤ 25 mbar. During the oxidation step: Qsolar = 0 kW, inlet flows 0.4 L/min CO2 + 9.8 g/min H2O, Toxidation-start = 900 °C, total pressure = 1 bar.