Extended Data Fig. 3: Representative solar redox cycle producing syngas with composition suitable for FT synthesis.

a) Temporal variation of the nominal cavity temperature, total pressure, and outlet gas flow rates during a single redox cycle. b) Temporal variation of the cumulative species concentration and yield of solar syngas collected during the oxidation step. Operation conditions − During the reduction step: Qsolar = 4.1 kW, inlet flow 0.5 L/min Ar, Treduction-end = 1450 °C, total pressure ≤ 50 mbar. During the oxidation step: Qsolar = 0 kW, inlet flows 0.2 L/min CO2 + 9.8 g/min H2O, Toxidation-start = 800 °C, total pressure = 1 bar.