Extended Data Fig. 3: Direct visualization of topological polar textures by vector piezoelectric force microscope (PFM).
From: High-density switchable skyrmion-like polar nanodomains integrated on silicon
a, Schematic of angle-resolved lateral PFM. In-plane (IP) PFM real part signal was collected experimentally as a function of tip orientation angle φ and then the amplitude and the phase delay were determined by trigonometric curve fitting, i.e. A and θ in Acos(φ-θ+π/2). Piezoresponse vector field can be constructed by finding IP vector components (Acosθ, Asinθ) as a function of position. b, IP piezoresponse vector map for a centre-divergent domain showing the centre-divergent nanodomain. c, The trigonometric curve fitting for four representative points that are denoted as red spots in b.
