Fig. 1: Human–mouse harmonized single-cell atlases of gonadal and extragonadal tissue.

a, Schematic illustration of gonadal development showing the main structures of the XX and XY gonads. b, Diagram summarizing the stage and sex composition of our sample cohort along with main events occurring during gonadogenesis. c, Top shows the UMAP of cell lineages (colour) in the human female scRNA-seq (n = 213,898), human female scATAC-seq (n = 84,631) and mouse female scRNA-seq (n = 70,379) datasets. Bottom shows UMAP projections of cell lineages (colour) in the human male scRNA-seq (n = 133,811), human male scATAC-seq (n = 52,285) and mouse male scRNA-seq (n = 32,889) datasets. Clusters for mesothelial, supporting and gonadal mesenchymal LHX9+ cells were defined in an independent per-lineage reanalysis and projected onto this dataset (Fig. 3). Dashed lines outline the cell populations unique to the gonads. Doublets and low-quality control cells were removed. CoelEpi, coelomic epithelium; Endo, endothelial; Epi, epithelial; F. Leydig, fetal Leydig; Gi, gonadal interstitial; Mesen, mesenchymal; Oi, ovarian interstitial; OSE, ovarian surface epithelium; preGC, pregranulosa cells; PV, perivascular; sPAX8, supporting PAX8 +; Ti, testicular interstitial; SMC, smooth muscle cell.