Extended Data Fig. 3: Gonadal and extragonadal location of mesenchymal and mesothelial cells.

a, UMAP (uniform manifold approximation and projection) of human (left) and mouse (right) scRNA-seq datasets labelled by cell lineage and tissue location. b, Spatial mapping of mesenchymal cell types from the human scRNA-seq dataset to a spatial transcriptomics slide of a late 8 post-conceptional weeks (PCW) testis, a 12 PCW testis and an 11 PCW ovary with cell2location. Estimated abundance for cell types (colour intensity) contributed by each mesenchymal subpopulation to each Visium spot (colour) shown over the H&E images. Scale bars = 1 mm; n = 2. c, High-resolution imaging of a representative gonadal section (sagittal) of a human XY fetal gonad (Carnegie stage, (CS)17). Intensity proportional to smFISH signal for UPK3B (red, coelomic epithelium), GATA4 (yellow, intra-gonadal) and GATA2 (cyan, extra-gonadal); n = 5. The white dashed rectangles (left) highlight the enlarged sample region (right). Scale bars = 100 µm (left) and 10 µm in magnified regions (right). d, Dot plot showing the variance-scaled, log-transformed expression of transcription factors (TFs) with mutually exclusive expression in gonadal and extragonadal mesenchymal and mesothelial cells in human and mouse scRNA-seq data. e, Spatial plot showing the variance-scaled, log-transformed expression of TF with mutually exclusive expression in gonadal and extragonadal mesenchymal cells over the H&E images of a late 8 PCW testis, a 12 PCW testis and an 11 PCW ovary; n = 2. Scale bars = 1 mm. CoelEpi = coelomic epithelium; Endo = endothelial; Epi = epithelial; G = gonad; Gi = gonadal interstitial; M = mesonephros; Mese = mesenchymal; Oi = ovarian interstitial; PV = perivascular cell; SMC = smooth muscle cell; Ti = testicular interstitial.