Extended Data Fig. 4: Characterisation of germ cell states.

a, UMAP (uniform manifold approximation and projection) of germ cell in the human (top; n = 10,993), mouse (middle; n = 10,411) and external macaque (bottom: n = 2,685) scRNA-seq datasets labelled by germ cell states, sex, donor/sample identity and developmental stage indicated in post-conceptional weeks (PCW) or embryonic (E) / postnatal (P) days). Doublets and low QC cells removed. b, Downsampled UMAP for human germ cells to account for up to 50 cells per donor (colour) for confirmatory visualisation. c, Dot plots showing the variance-scaled, log-transformed expression of genes characteristic of fetal oogenesis in the human (top), mouse (middle) and macaque (bottom) germ cells scRNA-seq data. d, Relative proportion of human germ cell states (colour) profiled with scRNA-seq, classified by sex and developmental stage. e, t-SNE (t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding) projection of scRNA-seq data of human germ cells coloured by Palantir pseudo-time and probability of cells to progress from the PGC status. Germ cells are downsampled to account for 500 cells for each germ cell state. E = embryonic day; FGC = fetal germ cells; P = postnatal day; PCW = post-conceptional weeks; PGC = primordial germ cells.