Extended Data Fig. 5: Dental wear, cementum annulations, and maximum lifespan in the oldest sampled individuals.

(a) Right first upper molar of NMMNH P-19625, showing extensive wear and erosion of enamel in most areas of the crown. (b) Anterior root of lower molar (tooth position unknown) from another individual of NMMNH P-19625, showing the location of the thin sections. (c) Overview transverse section of cervical root area, showing clear demarcation of cementum and dentine, and location of close-up. (d) Close-up of acellular extrinsic-fiber cementum in transverse section, showing six pairs of dark and bright bands comprising annual growth layer groups and alteration of external cementum; bright bands indicated with blue arrows. (e) longitudinal section of the same tooth, showing thick external layer of cementum, continuity of growth layer groups, and location of close-up. (f) close-up image of acellular extrinsic-fiber cementum in longitudinal section, showings six annual growth layer groups and alteration of external cementum; bright bands indicated with orange arrows. Images c–f under cross-polarized light. Scale bars: 1 mm (a–c, e), 200 µm (d, f).