Extended Data Fig. 4: Phylogenetic position of Qianodus within early jawed vertebrates.

50 percent majority-rule consensus tree from a parsimony analysis of 105 taxa and 294 characters. Tree time-adjusted using minimum branch length scaling. Taxon and tree root ages sourced from King et al.⁵⁶ and other studies (for a full list of studies, see Supplementary Table 1). Colour coding of cladogram branches: jawless stem gnathostomes (purple), ‘placoderms’ (black), Osteichthyes (green), stem Chondrichthyes (ochre), crown Chondrichthyes (blue). Pie charts represent Markov k-state 1 likelihood values for tooth whorl/dentition characters at select internal nodes. Circles show character states at terminal nodes. Character numbers shown in parentheses.