Extended Data Fig. 1: SC-CO₂ distributions are robust to different damage function specifications ($ per tCO₂).

Distributions of the SC-CO₂ using the damage functions from GIVE (orange, our preferred specification), DICE-2016R³² (blue), and Howard & Sterner³³ (red) for near-term discount rates of 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0%. All results use the RFF-SP scenarios, a stochastic growth-linked discounting framework, and sample uncertain climate, sea-level and damage function parameters, including for DICE-2016R and Howard & Sterner³³ damage functions. The DICE-2016R damage function is based on ref. ³² (see page 2 of that work’s supporting information)³². The Howard & Sterner damage function is based on the base coefficient in their table 2, specification (8). All SC-CO₂ values are expressed in 2020 US dollars per metric tonne of CO₂.