Extended Data Fig. 8: Estimating the CCSN rate based on observations of the multiply imaged SNe.
From: Shock cooling of a red-supergiant supernova at redshift 3 in lensed images
a, Cumulative distribution of CCSN host galaxies as a function of the host-galaxy extinction AV43. The black solid line shows the cumulative distribution function of the exponential distribution P(AV) = λVexp(−λVAV) with best-fit λV = 0.98. Black, red and blue dashed lines show the cumulative distribution function of the exponential distribution with λV = 1, λV = 0.187 and λV = 2, respectively. b, Differential comoving volume (dV/dz) for the strongly lensed sources as a function of redshift z. Blue curve shows the lensed volume for all the sources in the six Hubble Frontier Fields within a 0.03° × 0.03° search window for each cluster field. Orange curve shows the effective lensing volume for sources that can be significantly (>5σ) detected by HST in the last decade. c, Differential number of detectable multiply imaged core-collapse supernovae (dN/dz) above the 5σ signal-to-noise-ratio level by HST in the last decade as a function of z. d, Volumetric CCSN rate (RCC) as a function of redshift. Contents are the same as in Fig. 4, but for λV = 0.187. e. Volumetric CCSN rate (RCC) as a function of redshift for different choices of λV and RV. Red, green and blue shaded regions are for λV = 0.187, λV = 1 and λV = 2, respectively, for RV = 4.05. Red, green and blue lines are from the MLE kCC for the three λV options. The green dotted line is the same as the green solid line, but for RV = 3.1.
