Extended Data Fig. 3: Ageing mechanisms under ATM cycling.

a, b, Lithium plating detection with voltage relaxation method for 4.2 mAh cm−2 LiBs and 3.4 mAh cm−2 LiBs. c, d, Coulombic efficiency during cycling. e, f, Change of resistance attained by EIS tests. Baseline electrolyte was used in these tests.