Extended Data Fig. 3: Normalized pairwise differences between Chagyrskaya and Okladnikov remains.

A, Points show the mean pairwise differences (y-axis) between two remains (normalized by the median difference between all pairs of remains). Remains that were identified as identical, first degree and second degree relatives are named (x-axis shows the first fossil and the number denotes the second remain). Error bars are 95% confidence intervals for 100 bootstrap estimates of the mean pairwise differences. Horizontal lines indicate the expected normalized difference for identical individuals, first degree relationships, second degree relationships and unrelated individuals²⁷. B, Each circle/square represents an individual (blue for Chagyrskaya, orange for Okladnikov) and the small white circles indicate which remains originated from this individual. The black circle for Chagyrskaya 8 indicates that the genomic sequence for this bone is previously published. Squares indicate that the individual is male and circles indicate that the individual is female. Individuals which are first degree relatives, second degree relatives or share heteroplasmies are marked.