Fig. 3: CM-NTUs improve cell anabolism.
From: A plant-derived natural photosynthetic system for improving cell anabolism
a, ATP levels of chondrocytes treated with CM-NTUs and red light irradiation (80 µmol photons m−2 s−1) for different time intervals (n = 5, mean ± s.d.). b, ATP levels of chondrocytes treated with CM-NTUs and red light irradiation for 30 min under different light intensities (n = 5, mean ± s.d.). c, NADPH levels of chondrocytes treated with CM-NTUs with different encapsulated ferredoxin (FDX) concentrations (n = 5, mean ± s.d.). d, Immunofluorescence staining (top) and quantification (bottom) of Col II, aggrecan, MMP13 and ADAMTS-5 levels in chondrocytes (n = 5, mean ± s.d.). Mouse chondrocytes were stimulated with IL-1β for 24 h followed by CM or CM-NTU treatment for 6 h with or without red light irradiation (80 µmol photons m−2 s−1, 30 min). e, PCR with reverse transcription detection of Col2a1, Acan, Sox9, Mmp3, Mmp13 and Adamts5 expression in chondrocytes incubated with IL-1β, IL-1β and CM, or IL-1β and CM-NTUs in the dark or with IL-1β and CM-NTUs in the light (n = 5, mean ± s.d.). f, MitoSOX-Red and JC-1 staining (left) and quantification (right) of chondrocytes incubated with IL-1β, IL-1β and CM, or IL-1β and CM-NTUs in the dark or with IL-1β and CM-NTUs in the light (MitoSOX-Red, red; JC-1, red and green; n = 5, mean ± s.d.). g, Western blots of the mitochondrial biogenesis markers SIRT1, PGC1α, TFAM, NRF1 and NRF2. Chondrocytes were incubated with IL-1β or with IL-1β and CM-NTUs in the light. Uncropped gel is in Supplementary Fig. 1d. n represents the number of biologically independent samples. P values are indicated in graphs and were determined using one-way ANOVA (a–f). Scale bars, 10 μm (d,f).
