Extended Data Fig. 1: In vitro characterization of the optical pacemaker.

a, Quantified cardiomyocyte contraction sequence measured by centroid motion (see Supplementary Video 1). Optical stimulation was applied at 5 Hz, with 10-ms pulse width at 585 nm. Scale: 1 s, 1 pixel. b, Fidelity of optically induced contractions at different light intensities. n = 20 cells. Data represent mean ± s.e.m.