Extended Data Fig. 8: Posterior probability of urban-rural height difference in 2020 and its increase from 1990 to 2020.

The maps show the posterior probability (PP) that age-standardised mean height in 2020 in urban areas was higher than in rural areas (left-hand panels), and the PP that the urban-rural difference in age-standardised mean height increased from 1990 to 2020 (right-hand panels). For 2020, if estimated age-standardised mean urban height is statistically indistinguishable from rural height, the PP is 0.50. PPs closer to 0.50 indicate more uncertainty, those towards 1 indicate more certainty of urban children being taller, and those towards 0 indicate more certainty of rural being taller. For change, if an increase in urban-rural difference in mean height is statistically indistinguishable from a decrease, the PP is 0.50. PPs closer to 0.50 indicate more uncertainty, those towards 1 indicate more certainty of an increase in the urban-rural height difference, and those towards 0 indicate more certainty of a decrease. We did not estimate the PP for differences between rural and urban height for countries classified as entirely urban (Bermuda, Kuwait, Nauru and Singapore) or entirely rural (Tokelau), as indicated in grey.