Extended Data Fig. 3: Indian Ocean salinity and temperature stack construction.

(a) Age model comparison using benthic δ¹⁸O for all cores included in the stacks on an inverted y-axis. The colours of the labels correspond to the coloured lines in all panels. References for all cores are listed in Fig. 1 and Methods. For comparison, the LR04 benthic δ¹⁸O stack⁴⁸  is plotted in a dark red line on top. (b) All SST records which are included in the SST stack. (c) All salinity proxy records which are included in the salinity stack. (d) z-scores of all SST records included in the SST stack, the SST stack (thick black line) with 95^th percentile error envelope (grey shaded band), and an SST stack excluding U1476 data with 95^th percentile envelope (orange shaded band). (e) z-scores of all salinity proxy records included in the salinity stack, the salinity stack (thick black line) with 95^th percentile error envelope (grey shaded band), and a salinity stack excluding U1476 data with 95^th percentile envelope (orange shaded band). Note that there is no difference in the onset of the salinification and warming between the black and orange stacks suggesting that U1476 does not force the stack calculations. Intervals of rising δ¹⁸O_sw-ivc prior to each glacial termination are indicated with vertical grey bars.

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