Extended Data Fig. 12: Locomotion-induced changes in glutamate, calcium signals and their relationships.

a, Schematic illustrating dual-colour expression strategy. b, Basal glutamate fluorescence over entire FOV during stationary and locomotion periods, averaged over all trials in one session. c, Apical glutamate fluorescence over entire FOV during stationary and locomotion periods, averaged over all trials in one session. d, Population activity quantified as deconvolved events across all ROIs over entire FOV during stationary and locomotion periods, averaged over all trials in one session. e, Raw traces of iGluSnFR fluorescence and deconvolved calcium signals summed across the population. Grey bars are visual stimulus. f, iGlu-SnFR fluorescence in basal dendrites during the baseline period did not change with locomotion (n = 12 sessions in n = 4 mice, t-test, p = 0.12). g, iGlu-SnFR fluorescence in apical dendrites during the baseline period did not change with locomotion (t-test, p = 0.18). h, Deconvolved events during the baseline period did not change with locomotion (t-test, p = 0.25). i, Stimulus evoked change in mean iGlu-SnFR fluorescence in the basal dendrite planes increased with locomotion (t-test, p = 1.3 x 10⁻⁶). j, Stimulus evoked change in mean iGlu-SnFR fluorescence in the apical dendrite planes increased with locomotion (t-test, p = 1.8 x 10⁻⁵). k, Stimulus evoked change in deconvolved events increased with locomotion (t-test, p = 0.02). l, Three dimensional population level input-output function for one session. m, Linear model fit to each session in order to measure the interaction between locomotion and basal and apical glutamate to population output gain. n, Coefficients of the interaction show that locomotion and basal glutamate interact positively (t-test, p = 0.01), while locomotion and apical gain interact negatively (t-test, p = 0.02). Solid data points are sessions with individually significant interactions between running and glutamate (Wald test, p < 0.05, Methods).