Extended Data Fig. 2

RISE data calibrations. (a) Correction for media delays as applied to the RISE data points. On the left, the corrections due to the Earth’s atmosphere as a function of the elevation at the DSN, on the right those due to Mars’ troposphere, as a function of their elevation at Mars. (b) RISE Doppler residuals: only the red points are processed, i.e. used in our analysis. Points acquired at low elevation above the DSN station (orange diamonds) are affected by large noise from the Earth’s atmosphere. They are still part of our analysis thanks to our accurate Earth noise calibration. The rest of the points are eliminated due to low SEP (blue squares), or high residual value (green crosses). (c) Estimated wet troposphere bias parameter per pass, classified by DSN station identifier. Shaded area is the a priori uncertainty.