Extended Data Fig. 10: Indirect evolutionary effects and rewiring of interactions shape the fitness consequences of the invasion of a network by the supergeneralist A. mellifera.
From: Indirect effects shape species fitness in coevolved mutualistic networks
a–b, Representations of the (a) pre- (before beekeeping activity) and (b) post-Apis (after beekeeping activity) network structures, showing how the invasion by A. mellifera (in red) reorganizes interactions. c–d, Histograms showing (c) the change in the number of partners and (d) the change in fitness that native species experienced after coevolving with A. mellifera. e, Relationship between the change in indirect evolutionary effects caused by A. mellifera and the change in the fitness of native species. The results in panels d and e correspond to the average results for the native species of 10³ numerical simulations of the coevolutionary dynamics in the pre- and post-Apis networks. Parameter values are as follows: \({m}_{i}=0.5\), \({\sigma }_{G{z}_{i}}^{2}=1.0\), \({\varrho }_{i}\) = 0.2, \(\alpha =0.2\). \({\theta }_{i}\) and initial trait values were sampled from a uniform statistical distribution U [0, 10].
