Extended Data Fig. 3: Demonstrated advantages of dual-rail gates.

a, A single-rail gate receives one molecule as an input and generates one molecule as output. The concentration of output increases rapidly when the output is 1 while slowly when the output is 0. b, A dual-rail gate receives a molecule representing 1 or another molecule representing 1 as an input, and generates one molecule as output = 0 or another molecule as output = 1. The output signal is represented by the difference of two output signals. When output = 1, the output signal increases; when output = 0, the output signal decreases. c, Implemention of a dual-rail XOR gate with AND-OR gates requires six gates. d, Left, heatmap showing the result values with all possible combinations of high and low signals, when a result is supposed to be 0. Triangular region above the upper red line represents the obtained dual-rail results smaller than 0.4. Right, heatmap of error flag with all possible combinations of high and low signals. Regions inside the green box have error flag values lower than 0.4. e, Five possible computing states for a result supposed to be 0. f, Left, heatmap showing the result values with all possible combinations of high and low signals, when a result is supposed to be 1. Triangular region below the lower red line represents the obtained dual-rail result larger than 0.6. Right, heatmap of error flag with all possible combinations of high and low signals. Regions inside green boxed have error flag values lower than 0.4. g, Five possible computing states for a result supposed to be 1.