Extended Data Fig. 1: Entropy profile (blue, in Jkg⁻¹K⁻¹) of mantle material in the post-impact Earth for our impact model using the meshless finite mass (MFM) method¹⁸.

The red curve shows the liquidus of forsterite¹⁶ and the rheological transition of the mantle was marked by the orange curve where the melt fraction above that depth becomes larger than 40%^42,86.

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