Extended Data Fig. 4: Long-term changes in SWJ over HMA under different external forcings.
From: Precipitation regime changes in High Mountain Asia driven by cleaner air
a, The linear trends of the SWJ strength index (m·s−1·decade−1; see Methods) derived from JRA-55 (1958–2020) and ERA-5 (1959–2020) associated with the first mode and the multimodel ensemble mean under ALL, NAT, GHG and AA forcings (1951–2020). Error bars denote the 25–75% range of all models (n = 10). b-e, The linear trends of zonal wind at 200 hPa (b, c, m·s−1·decade−1) and tropospheric temperature (d, e, K·decade−1) from 1951 to 2020 under GHG (b, d) and AA (c, e) forcings derived from the multimodel average of 10 CMIP6 models. The stippling indicates that the trend is significant at the 10% level according to the Mann-Kendall test. The blue contours denote the climatological zonal wind (m·s−1) at 200 hPa from 1995–2014. f, g, The meridional gradient of the temperature trend in d and e. The boundaries of HMA are identified as an isoline of 2500 m according to Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 201052.
