Extended Data Fig. 7: (related to Fig. 3). Both transcriptomic and histologic data suggest changes in cilia processes in early T2D.

(a) Magnification of select clusters depicted in Fig. 1j (terms enriched across β, α, and islet samples). (b) Fold change of validated cilia-related genes (shown here, those ≥ |1.5| in both α and β cells); the majority were expressed at higher levels in T2D compared to ND. (c-d) Visualization by immunohistochemistry of cilia (ARL13B; red) and quantification of abundance, density, and size in tissue from n = 8 ND and n = 8 T2D independent donors. Tissue sections are from the same donors shown in panel b. Scale bars, 50 μm. Bar graphs show mean + SEM with symbols representing individual donors; statistical results (d: two-tailed t-test) indicated as follows: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001.